Distortion eliminator



Patented June l, 1 954 DISTORTION ELIMINATOR Roland N. Rhodes, New Brunswick, N. J., assignor to Radio Corporation of America, a corporation of Delaware Application December 31, 1952; Serial No. 328,916

4 Claims. (Cl. 178-5.4)

The present invention relates to methods and apparatus for substantially reducing crosstalk between two signals that are represented at least in part b'y the phase of a single carrier.

For example, in one color television system such a carrier may be generated in` the following manner. A first alternating current wave having a predetermined phase is amplitude modulated in accordance with the amplitude variations of a rst color signal and a second alternating current wave that is in phase quadrature with the first wave is amplitude modulated in accordance with the variations of a second color signal. These color signals may represent pure colors or combinations of colors. The amplitude modulated waves are then added in linear fashion so as to produce a single resultant color carrier having the same frequency as the first and second alternating current Waves. The phase of the color carrier may vary through 360 if balanced modulation or other known modulation techniques are used and its phase will depend on the relative amplitudes and polarities of the iirst and second alternating current waves or in other words the phase depends on the hue represented by these Waves.

The frequency of the alternating current waves and hence the frequency of the color carrier is generally so chosen as to be located near the upper end of the video pass band of the system. In order to recover the first color signal at a receiver the color carrier is heterodyned with a third alternating current Wave corresponding in phase to the first alternating current wave. The second color signal is recovered by hetrodyning the carrier with a fourth alternating current wave corresponding in phase to the second alternating current wave. These third and fourth alternating current waves would, therefore, also be in phase quadrature.

In this system the frequency response characteristic of the receiver generally has a substantially linear slope at the high frequency end such that the color carrier falls at a 50% amplitude response point. This means that the upper sidebands of the color carrier are recovered with less amplitude than the lower sidebands. For reasons which will become more apparent in the discussion to follow, this produces crosstalk between the color signals that appears as positive or negative pulses, depending on the particular sequence of hues along a line of the raster. The presence of these pulses therefore causes the area of transition from one hue to another to be darker than they should be and other areas of transition to be lighter. If a particular hue transition is reversed, that is instead of going red to blue the sequence of colors is from blue to red, the polarity of 'the pulses in the area of hue transition is reversed.

A detailed analysis of the sidebands of the color carrier is extremely complex and therefore their precise nature is not easily explained. The information carried by the frequencies of the upper sideband that extend beyond the Cutoff point of the receiver frequency response characteristic is lost. If the color sequences along a line are reversed, then the information formerly carried by the upper sideband is carried by the lower sideband. If, as proposed in the U. S. patent application for a color phase alternation system bearing Serial No. 220,622, filed on April 12, 1951 in the name of G. C. Sziklai et al., entitled Multiplex Signalling System, the phase of one of the waves that are modulated with one of the color signals at the transmitter is shifted by the phase shift of the carrier is reversed for a given hue sequence and the information carried by the upper and lower sidebands is interchanged. Hence two scans of a given line can place all the desired information in the lower sideband of the carrier so that the average of the two scansions represents all of the information that resided in both sidebands before the upper sideband was cut off at the receiver. This reversal in phase can be used in different ways but generally the phase reversal takes place at field rate. Thus the average of points in adjacent lines of the raster that are in vertical registry corresponds to all the information in both sidebands. The phase reversal of one of the waves that are modulated at the transmitter and the consequent reversal of the direction of the phase shift of the color carrier for a given sequence of hues causes the crosstalk pulses that appear at an area of hue transition to reverse in polarity. Therefore, at areas of hue transition that are .in vertical registry on adjacent lines, the crosstalk pulses have opposite polarities. As long as the eye sees the average of the light intensities produced in response to this crosstalk pulses, their presence is not harmful. However, there is a full eld interval between the occurrence of the light impulses produced on a kinescope by these pulses, and under some conditions the eye does not average them but responds to the increase of light due to one of them and after this has faded it responds to the decrease in light due to the other. This means that areas of hue transition that are in 3 vertical registry on adjacent lines will appear to dicker.

If each of the colors were transmitted with signals of equal amplitude ranges, and if the decay time of the phosphors employed in the kinescope were identical, then because the eye is more sensitive to green than it is to red and more sensitive to red than it is to blue the flicker on green edges would be more noticeable than it is on red edges and the flicker on red edges would be more noticeable than it is on blue edges. color signals were inversely proportional to the eyes sensitivity to the colors represented by theseY signals, then the amount or -iiicker seen by the eye would be the same for all colors. At the present time however the decaytime for suitable red and green phosphors is greater than the decay time for a suitable blue phosphor so that ilicker is rst noticeable on blue edges. If the decay time of the blue phosphors were increased, the eye would not haveitoretain the image for as long a time and the iiicker would probably be less noticeable.

It should be understood that the invention is also applicable to color systems in which the phases assigned to the different color signals are not in quadrature. For example, in some systemsthe color signals are separated by 120.

It is the object of this invention to provide an improved circuit for reducing the amount of edge flicker in a color system using color phase alternation and to eliminate dark and light edges when color phase alternation is not used.

As disclosed in the co-pending application of Robert K. Lockhart entitled Distortion Eliminator, Ser. No. 328,957, nled December 3l, 1952, the above-described undesired effects can be eliminated by cross feeding from a first color channel to a second a signal that is negative to the crosstalk signals present in the second channel so as to substantially cancel the crosstalk present therein. In accordance with an embodiment of the .present invention an advantageous crosstalk elimination system is provided wherein such a separate correcting signal is derived from a separate demodulator.

The specific manner in which this objective can be attained in accordance with the principles of this invention will'be better understood after a detailed discussion or the drawings in which:

Figure l is a block diagram illustrating the manner invwhich the present invention can be incorporated in one version of the type of color television system set forthV above.

Figure 1A illustrates the-location of the color carrier with respect to the frequency response characteristic of the receiver ofv Figure 1.

Figures 2 and 3 arel vector diagrams used in explaining the origin of the crosstalk to be eliminated by the present invention;

Figure 4 is a series of graphs used in explaining the operation of the invention; and

Figure 5-is a schematic diagram of a circuit embodying the principles of the invention.

In the color transmission system of Figure 1 the blue video signals are generated by a camera 2, the red video signals by a camera 4 and the brightness or Y signals by a camera 6. A subtraotor 8 serves to subtract the brightness or Y signal from the blue video signal so as to yield a blue color diiierence signal B--Y. In a similar manner-a subtractor I 0 derives a red'color difierence signal R-.YZ Thesaoolor -dierence signals However, if the amplitude ranges of the are a specific form of color signal used in the color system of Figure l in which the present invention may operate. It will be understood that other types of color signals could also be employed. The blue color difference signal is applied to a balanced modulator I2 so as to modulate a sine Wave in such a manner that the phase of the Wave is 0 for a positive B-Y signal and 180 for a negative B--Y signal. The red color diierence signal is applied to a balanced modulator I4 so as to modulate a cosine wave in such manner that the phase of the wave is for a positive Rf-Y signal and 270 for a negative Rf-Y signalv during one field. If the system is to employ the color phase alternation principle discussed above, then the phase of the cosine Wave is changed by on the next iield by a color phase alternation switching circuit I5 so that a positive Pf--Y signal produces a wave of 270 phase and a negative R-Y signal produces a wave oi 90. The sine and cosine Waves are supplied by an oscillator I6 and a phase splitter I8. After being suitably amplified in ampliiiers 20 and 22 the outputsof the modulators are combined'with the output of the brightness camera in an adder 24 so as to form a composite signal that is transmitted in any suitable manner by a transmitter 2B. The outputs of the modulators combine to produce a color carrier that is phase modulated with respect to hue and amplitude modulated with respect to the degree of color saturation. This carrier is the same frequency as the sine and cosine Waves applied to the modulators and is combined With the brightness signal.

At the receiver the composite signal is recovered by any suitable signal detector 28 having a frequency response characteristic as indicated in Figure lA and is applied via a video amplifier 2l and a band pass iilter 29 having the frequency limits denoted by the bracket B-P in Figure 1A to a modulator or synchronous detector 30 wherein it is heterodyned with a sine Wave of zero degrees phase having the same frequency as the sine wave applied to the modulator I2 at the transmitter. It is well known that if an amplitude modulated Wave is heterodyned with an unmofdulated Wave of the same frequency and phase (i. e. either in-phase or 180 out-of-phase) that the amplitude modulations are recovered and therefore theoutput of the modulator 30 is the B-Y signal. The composite signal appearing at the output of the signaldetector 28 is also applied to a modulator or synchronous detector 32 where it is heterodyned with a cosine wave having the same frequency and phase as the cosine wave applied to the modulator Il! at the transmitter. If the color phase alternation principle is employed, the phase of the cosine Wave applied to the synchronous detector 32 is changed from 90 to 270 on successive elds so as to be synchronized with the cosine wave applied to the modulator I4 at the transmitter. The sine and cosine `waves are derived from an oscillator 34 by a phase splitter 35 and the phase reversal of the cosine Wave for purpose of color phase'alternation are brought about by a color phase alternation switching circuit t8. The B-Y signal appearing at the output of the synchronous detector 30 is passed through a low pass lter 39 having an upper frequency limit designated by L. P. in Figure lA and is then combined in an adder 40 with the composite signal that is supplied to the adder by a lead 4I in such manner that the Y components cancel each other and a blue videov signal B remains. The red video signal by a low pass filter 45 that is similar to the low pass filter 39. The low pass lters 39. and 45 attenuate the frequencies passed by the band pass filter 29 so that only the products of modulation derived in the modulators reach the various adders.

Thus far the color transmission system corresponds to that described in an article entitled Principles of NTSC Compatible Color Television appearing on pages 88-97 in the February 1952 issue of Electronics In accordance with this invention the B-Y signal is combined in an adder 46 with a crosstalk elimination signal supplied by a cross feeding circuit 48 included with the dotted rectangle. vThis circuit derives from the lcolor carrier a cross talk. elimination signal that more apparent. If the color carrier is located in a fiat region of the frequency response characteristic of the receiver it may be represented by a vector diagram of Figure 2. It will be remembered that the color carrier was obtained by combining signals derived by amplitude modulating -F an alternating current wave of zero degrees phase or in other Words a sine wave with the blue color difference signal B-Y and by modulating a cosine wave with the red color difference signal R-Y. The vectors B-Y and R--Y of Figure 2 illustrate the sine and cosine Waves and as amplitude modulation produces two sidebands, the B-Y and R-Y vectors may be thought of as being the resultant of the side-band vectors 50, 52, 54 and 56 respectively. If color phase alternation is employed, the R-Y vector and its sidebands will be shifted by 180 so as to assume the dotted position on every other field. In Vrecovering the B-Y signal, the color carrier is heterodyned with an unmodulated sine wave and in accordance with well established principles yields a signal that is the resultant of projections of all the vectors on the zero degree axis. The projections of the equal upper and lower R-Y sidebandvectors 54 and 56 cancel each other, during either eld as one is positive and the other is negative.

Now if instead of being located in a flat region of the freqnency response characteristic of the signal detector 28, the color carrier is located in the middle of a sloping region such as indicated by the line 58 of Figure 1A, it will be seen that the upper sideband frequencies have less amplitude than the lower sideband frequencies, as indicated by the vector diagram of Figure 3. During the field represented by the solid lines the resultant of the projection of the R-Y sideband vectors 54 and 56' is a vector 58 that is at 180. During the next field, the one represented by the dotted vectors, the resultant of the projections of the upper and lower sideband vectors 54 and 56 is a vector B equal in length to the vector 58 and having a zero degree phase. This means that the average effect of the crosstalk from the R-Y into the B-Y channel is zero for points on adjacent lines of the line interlaced raster that lie in a vertical registry. If the eye responds to this average, then the crosstalk is of little or no effect but if it doesnt, the effect of the crosstalk will be a flicker at eld repetition rate.

The discussion above has been confined to the situation where the hue and hence the phase of the carrier remained constant and the intensity of the hue varied. Under these conditions both upper and lower sidebands are simultaneously present for frequencies not greater than F k (see Figure 1A) and onlyv one sideband was present for frequencies greater than F.

The precise operation of the system for changes on hue that are represented by changes in the phase ofthe color carrier is much more involved. Suffice it to say that a given color sequence along a scanned line of the raster may advance the phase of the carrier and produce dissimilar upper and lower sidebands. Part of the information about the change in hue, therefore,- lies in one sideband and another part of the infor- .mation lies in the other. However those upper sideband frequencies greater than F are cut 01T by the signal detector 23 of Figure 1.

If the order in which the various colors are represented by successive phases of the color carrier is reversed, then the information formerly represented by the upper sideband is now represented by the lower sideband. This means that information as to the hue change that resided in the original upper sideband and which was cut off by the signal detector can be represented by a lower sideband if the order of the colors represented by a given phase rotation of the carrier is reversed. Y

Whether color phase alternation is used or not, the fact still remains that the upper sideband frequencies have less and less amplitude as they deviate farther and farther from the frequency of the color carrier until they reach a frequency F at which frequency they have a zero amplitude. This means that the projection on the B-Y axis of the vector representing the upper sideband frequencies of the R-Y signal is not equal to a similar projection of the vector representing the lower sideband frequencies as their amplitude gets larger and larger with frequency deviation from the carrier. This is true even if the lower sideband frequencies are also limited to a frequency deviation from the carrier of F cycles. That these dissimilar projections of sideband vectors introduce crosstalk into the B-Y channel as a result of changes in the R-Y signal has been amply explained in connection with the vector diagram of Figure 3. The crosstalk for frequen- .cies below F is therefore generally proportional :to frequency.

The particular kind of crosstalk introduced from one channel to another may be better understood from the graphs of Figure 4 which represent the various signals involved along one line of the raster when the object being televised is comprised of vertical red and blue bars that are separated by a gray, black or white area. During the scansion of the red bar, the R-Y signal may modulate a wave of phase, and during the scansion of the blue bar, the B-Y signal modulates a wave of 0 phase as indicated by the graph 10. A graph 'l2 indicates that during the red bar the R-Y synchronous detector 32 recovers the R-Y signal 14 representing the red bar. The blue bar produces positive and negative spikes 'I6 and 'Il at its beginning and end respectively. Thus, the left side of the blue bar at this particular line in the raster would appear fa'esoyirr Iblighter-andxthel frighthand sdelzwould; appear `darker. lThese spikes appear becausel the inequalityrofthe-amplitudes of the upper and lower sidebandsofthe B-'Y signalY produced as a refsult-'ofthe shapeof the frequency characteristic '.KFigure 1A) of the signal detector 28. l Thisun- -=equ`al projection 'oni the; 1R`Y axis L'produces g a iresultant that isdetected by the R-Y detector. .IfathelBY frequency werelimitedzto F cycles fsothat the B`Y 'signals llay whollyv vwithin/the #double sideband: regionfof operation thenspikes would have ani amplitude' `that is `proportional` to l theiirequencies -involvedlintheV B-Y signal and -'wouldbyf vdefinitionfbe a rst derivative of the inaliwould normally' contain frequencies Vgreater -than' F that lielinthe single sideband regionY and .Ltheirvlprojection on `the R-Y axis does not change `with frequency. Therefore, the spikes arenot pure' derivativesofthe B-Y signal butirnay be zip'proximated1by the first derivative.

lzGrraphv 18 iirnzlicates the effectsl of color phase .alternationnon -the 'signal recoveredby the R-Y synchronous detector 32 during the nexteld and-therefore on a vdifferent line' of the raster. lThe#alternating current wave modulated by the R-"Ylsignal at the transmitter is now 180c from itsposition in the previous field and therefore is A80-away from the positionoccupied duringrthe line-of -the raster illustrated by the graph l2. 'The phase ofthe alternating current wave aprpliedto' theR--Y synchronous detector-'32 is lnowalso1180"away from its phaseduring the 'rprevious-eld fby `the color phase alternation circuit 38 so that the R-Y signal representing .Iftheredfbarl isrrecovered with ythe same polarity. "However, the transmitted B-Y signal does not reverse. Therefore the spikes'in the R-Y output f32ldue to the presence of the B-Ysignal do "reverse,

. 'Graph' 'indicates that successive negative and f positive Aspikes-B2 and 84 respectively-areY pro- -lc'lucedat'the output of the B-Y synchronous de- Atectorlil bythe red bar, and the graph 85 shows that lcolorrphase alternation merely reverses the direction of the spikes during the next field. Thisf-latter reversal is-explained in connection #with Figure 3 -where the spikes 82 and 84 Aare `represented by the crosstalk vectors tit-andV 60 respectively.

` *That theflpolarity of the spikes or pulses is as -indicated in the graphs can be seen from the iifollowing analysis. Assume that the sideband Tl frequencies deviate from the carrier frequency -bya frequency VFv so that the amplitude ofthe -lupperfsideband vectors 56 of Figure 3 is zero,

and therefore only the lower sideband vectors "54" need be considered. In going frorna-gray iregionto amaximum Rf-Y signal-as indicated bythe :signal 'I4 of the graph l2-in Figure 4 solid `vector 540i Figure 3 follows alocus 'i3V in the direction of-the arrow so that its 'projection-on the `BY axis grows negative and the position is indicated by the negativecrosstalk pulse'f82 of 'the-'graphY 80 inFigure 4. 'During the next field Ythe'dotted vector 54' follows a locus 13 in the 1 direction of the arrow so asV to produce -apositive `crcsstalt: pulse 82 shown in the graph` 85. VWhen the RAY signal 'I4 goes back to zero the solid vector 54 and dotted vector 54' continue and com- 'vplete the-circle 83.

n The following discussion .relates'tothe general `'mannerin' which the crosstalk elimination-circuit 48 is included in the-dotted rectangleof VFigure l 'and' operates tofreduce-or eliminate the .crosstalk'spikeslz and 84 of Figure 4. Thecir- 1-Icuitmay be comprised cfa modulator 86 wherein lthe` coloricarrier and its sidebands that arese- -lected by the'band'pass lter 29 are :heterodyned 5 `with a cosine .wave during every iield, a lowrpass -iilter 89, and a differentiation circuit 99. The low -pass lter.- 88 prevents the Vsignals passedbythe f band pass lter 29 from reaching the differentia- -wtion' circuitandtherefore,r` performs thesaine function as the low pass filters 39 and. 45.'11As pointed `out'zin `the .discussion of these lters 39 and 45 the? use: of a doubly balanced modulator at 96 would make them unnecessary. Under some .-1 circumstances .the low pass lter 88 could be dispensed with even if the'modulator 86 vvasnot @balanced against the modulation signals applied to .it lfromzthe band pass lterf29 as it may well v=be that the presence of those signals may not be .harrriful .Thus the Vlow pass filter merely affords one way of eliminating these signals if it is desired todo. so. During the first eld, that is theeld'represented. by the solid line vectors of A`Figure 3, the output of the modulator 8S is a positive Pt--Yy signal suchas indicated by the graph`z92 of Figure 4. The signal is the same as the .signal recovered by the R-Y modulator 32 during the rst eld'as can be seen by comparing graphs 92 andlz. of Figure 4. During the iirst "field the differentiation circuit `9D produces a sigrnal such as indicated by the graph 94having a .positive pulse 96 at the leading edge of the red :bar signal 14, and a negative pulse 98 at the trailing edge. By adding this signal to the output ofthei B-Y modulator 39 in the adder 46 the crosstalk pulses 82` ad 84 that appear in the B--Y 'signal are-cancelled by vthe'pulses 96 and 98 respectively.

During -the second eldthe R-Y modulator -132 is supplied withv a -cosine Wave but the R-Y 40 modulator. I4 at the transmitter is also supplied with a ecosine Wave as indicated bythe dotted vectors of Figure 3.so that the R-Y signal 14 recoveredby theRf-Y Vmodulator 32 still has a positivepola'rity'as' indicated by the graph-1S. ".;However, -,thel modulator St'vthat is included in -:the .crosstalk: elimination circuit 48 derivesl a vfnegative'R.-Y.signal 'I4 as indicated by the graph .i90 ofFigure 4. Thiais because the modulator 86 Vis stilisup'plied with a -i-'cosine wave. The diifergio-.entiationlof the negative -R-Y signal produces a'wavewhereinthe polarities of the pulses 96 -and 98 reverseas indicated in the graph 92. "Howeverthe crosstallipulses 82 and 84 in the B-Y signal. also reverse polarity during the 551 second eldzasindicated-'by the graph 85 so that once again the addition of the two sets of pulses in. the :adder liiiproduces a cancellation. This I' results wave shape |03 of Figure 4 which is f therroutput' of adderA 45.

lFigure 5`illustrates one form that the crosstalk r-eliminator` circuit mayf assume. The output of the band pass"f1lter"29 is coupled by a potentiometer #104 to the R-Y 'modulator 32 not shown It v'-is also coupled'via a potentiometer 5'iiE-to a non-lineardevice suchas a crystal 03 whereinit is heterodyned with a sine wave supfplied through anxiso'lating resistor H9. An inf-.ductancei l2'and a'condenser H4 constitute the low `pass"filterftl andthe pentode H6 to which the vlowfpass filterfis coupled constitutes the @adder-46.- :The output' of the band pass lter 29 is alsof coupled to a non-lineardevice such as a crystal H8 IWhenever Aitis heterodyned with a +cosine Iwave supplied through av resistor 120. -The-asignalwthus derived Vis 4successively' passed through a low pass filter comprised of an nductance i22 and a condenser E24 and a differentiation circuit comprised of a condenser E25 and a resistor I 28. After amplification in amplifiers E30 and l32 a suitable portion of the output of the differentiation circuit is coupled to the plate of the adder llt wherein it cancels the crosstali: passing through the amplifier.

The crosstalk that is introduced into the R-Y channel by the B-Y components of the signal can be cancelled by a crosstalk elimination circuit similar to the circuit d6. It is only necessary that the modulator of the circuit be supplied with the same alternating sine wave which is applied to the R-Y modulator.

Having thus described the invention, what is claimed is:

1. In a signal transmission system wherein the separate signals are represented by the amplitude of a single carrier at first and second phase angles, a circuit for recovering these signals from the carrier with a minimum of crosstall; from the output of a signal detector having a frequency characteristic that slopes in the vicinity of the carrier, said circuit comprising in combination a source of the carrier, a first source of waves of carrier frequency corresponding to the first phase, a first modulator coupled to said sources so as to modulate said Waves of carrier frequency with said carrier and hence to recover the signal represented by the amplitude variations of the carrier at the first phase angle, a second source of waves of carrier frequency corresponding to the second phase, a second modulator coupled to the source of the carrier and to said source of waves of the second phase in such manner as to recover the amplitude variations of the carrier at the second phase angle, and a third source of waves of carrier frequency having a phase equal to the first phase angle, a third modulator coupled to said third source and said source of carrier so as to derive a signal represented by the amplitude variations of the carrier at the first phase angle, a differentiation circuit coupled to the output of said third modulator, and an adder coupled to the output of said second modulator and said differentiation circuit.

2. In a signal transmission system wherein the phase and amplitude of a carrier are controlled by the relative value of repeated sequence of a plurality of independent variables, apparatus for recovering signals representing the variables from said carrier with a minimum of crcsstalk from the output of a signal detector having a frequency response characteristic that slopes in the vicinity of the carrier comprising in combination a source of unmodulated waves of the carrier frequency and having a rst predetermined phase, a rst means for heterodyning the Waves of the first phase with said carrier, a second source of waves of carrier frequency having a second predetermined phase, a second means for heterodyning the waves of the second phase with the carrier, a third means for heterodyning the Waves of the first phase with the carrier, means for differentiating the output Gf said third heterodyning means and an adder coupled to the output of said second heterodyning means and said differentiating means.

3. In a signal transmission system wherein a phase and amplitude modulated carrier may be derived by combining the products of modulation obtained by amplitude modulating waves of carrier frequency having a first phase in accordance with a first signal and by amplitude modulating Waves of carrier frequency having a second phase with a second signal, apparatus for recovering the signals with a minimum of crosstalk after the carrier has been detected by a detector having a frequency response characteristic that slopes in the vicinity of the carrier comprising in combination a source of unmodulated waves of the carrier frequency and having a first predetermined phase, a first means for heterodyning the waves of the first phase with said carrier, a second source of waves of carrier frequency having a second predetermined phase, a second means for heterodyning the waves of the second phase with the carrier, a third means for heterodyning the Waves of the first phase with the carrier, means for differentiating the output of said third heterodyning means and an adder coupled to the output of said second heterodyning means and said differentiating means.

4. In a color television system where during a :first field a first phase of a wave is amplitude modulated in accordance with a first color signal, a second phase of the wave is amplitude modulated in accordance with a second color signal and wherein the phase of the first wave is shifted by during a second field, the amplitude modulated waves being combined to form a color carrier during both fields, apparatus for recovering the rst and second color signals from the color carrier during the first and second fields with a minimum of crosstalk comprising in combination a first source of Waves of the first phase during the first field and the opposite phase during the second field, first means for heterodyning the color carrier with the Waves provided by said first source, a second source of waves having the second phase during both fields, means for heterodyning the waves provided by said second source with the color carrier, a third source of waves having the first phase during both fields, third means for heterodyning the waves supplied by the third source With the color carrier, a differentiation circuit coupled to the output of the third heterodyning means, and an adder coupled to the output of said second heterodyning means and said differentiation circuit.

No references cited. 

